1. CDC. USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a summary. MMWR 1995;44(No. RR-8).
2. USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: disease-specific recommendations. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21(suppl 1):S32-S43.
3. USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a summary. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:348-68.
4. CDC. USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-12).
5. USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. 1997 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: disease-specific recommendations. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25(suppl 3):S313-S315.
6. USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:922-46.
7. USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am Fam Physician 1997;56:823-30, 1131-46, 1387-92.
8. USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. 1997 USPHS/IDSA report on the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatrics 1998;102:1064-85.
9. Kaplan JE, Masur H, Jaffe HW, Holmes KK. Preventing opportunistic infections in persons infected with HIV: 1997 guidelines [Editorial]. JAMA 1997;278:337-8.
10. CDC. Report of the NIH Panel to Define Principles of Therapy of HIV Infection and guidelines for use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. MMWR 1998;47(No. RR-5).
11. McNaghten AD, Hanson DL, Jones JL, Dworkin MS, Ward JW, and the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Group. Effects of antiretroviral therapy and opportunistic illness primary chemoprophylaxis on survival after AIDS diagnosis. AIDS 1999 (in press).
12. Gross PA, Barrett TL, Dellinger EP, et al. Purpose of quality standards for infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:421.
13. El-Sadr W, Oleske JM, Agins BD, et al. Evaluation and management of early HIV infection. Clinical practice guideline no. 7. Rockville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1994; AHCPR publication no. 94-0572.
14. Phair J, Munoz A, Saah A, Detels R, Kaslow R, Rinaldo C, and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Group. The risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia [Letter]. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1607-8.
15. Kaplan JE, Hanson DL, Navin TR, Jones JL. Risk factors for primary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents and adults in the United States: reassessment of indications for chemoprophylaxis. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1126-32.
16. CDC. Guidelines for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR 1989;38(suppl 5):1-9.
17. Bozzette SA, Finkelstein DM, Spector SA, et al. A randomized trial of three antipneumocystis agents in patients with advanced human immunodeficiiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1995;332:693-9.
18. Schneider MME, Hoepelman AIM, Schattenkerk JKME, et al., and the Dutch AIDS Treatment Group. A controlled trial of aerosolized pentamidine or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1836-41.
19. Schneider MME, Nielsen TL, Nelsing S, et al. Efficacy and toxicity of 2 doses of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1995;171:1632-6.
20. El-Sadr W, Luskin-Hawk R, Yurik TM, et al. A randomized trial of daily and thrice weekly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV infected individuals. Clin Infect Dis 1999; in press.
21. Carr A, Tindall B, Brew BJ, et al. Low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prohylaxis for toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:106-11.
22. Hardy WD, Feinberg J, Finkelstein DM, et al., for the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. A controlled trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or aerosolized pentamidine for secondary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 021. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1842-8.
23. Leoung G, Standford J, Giordano M, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial of TMP/SMX dose escalation vs. direct challenge in HIV+ persons at risk for PCP and with prior treatment-limiting rash or fever [Abstract]. In: Abstracts of the 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1997. Abstract no. LB10.
24. Para MF, Dohn M, Frame P, Becker S, Finkelstein D, Walawander A, for the ACTG 268 Study Team. ACTG 268 Trial -- gradual initiation of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (T/S) as primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) [Abstract]. In: Program and abstracts: 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Alexandria, Virginia: Westover Management Group, 1997. Abstract no. 2.
25. Podzamczer D, Salazar A, Jiminez J, et al. Intermittent trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with dapsone-pyrimethamine for the simultaneous primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in patients infected with HIV. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:755-61.
26. Opravil M, Hirschel B, Lazzarin A, et al. Once-weekly administration of dapsone/pyrimethamine vs. aerosolized pentamidine as combined prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:531-41.
27. Caldwell P, Murphy R, Chan C, et al. Atovaquone (ATQ) suspension for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: effects of baseline prophylaxis on safety and efficacy [Abstract]. In: Conference Records, 12th World AIDS Conference, 1998. Geneva: Congrex, 1998. Abstract no. 22178.
28. El-Sadr W, Murphy RL, Yurik RM, et al. Atovaquone compared with dapsone for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection who cannot tolerate trimethoprim, sulfonamides, or both. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1889-95.
29. Furrer H, Egger M, Opravil M, et al. Discontinuation of primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected adults treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1301-6.
30. Weverling GJ, Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, et al. Discontinuation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis after start of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1999;353:1293-8.
31. Schneider MME, Borleffs JCC, Stolk RP, Jaspers CAJJ, Hoepelman AIM. Discontinuation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis in HIV-1 infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 1999;353:201-3.
32. Dworkin M, Hanson D, Jones J, Kaplan J, and the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project (ASD). The risk for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis (dMb) after an antiretroviral therapy (ART) associated increase in the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count [Abstract]. In: Program and abstracts: 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Alexandria, Virginia: Foundation for Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 1999. Abstract no. 692.
33. Lopez JC, Pena JM, Miro JM, Podzamczer D, and the GESIDA 04/98 Study Group. Discontinuation of PCP prophylaxis (PRO) is safe in HIV-infected patients (PTS) with immunological recovery with HAART. Preliminary results of an open, randomized and multicenter clinical trial (GESIDA 04/98) [Abstract]. In: Program and abstracts: 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Alexandria, Virginia: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, 1999. Abstract no. LB7.
34. CDC. 1995 revised guidelines for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for children infected with or perinatally exposed to human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR 1995 44(No. RR-4).
35. Dannemann B, McCutchan JA, Israelski D, et al. Treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS: a randomized trial comparing pyrimethamine plus clindamycin to pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:33-43.
36. Katlama C, DeWit S, O'Doherty E, et al. Pyrimethamine-clindamycin vs. pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine as acute and long-term therapy for toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:268-75.
37. Holmberg SD, Moorman AC, Von Bargen JC, et al. Possible effectiveness of clarithromycin and rifabutin for cryptosporidiosis chemoprophylaxis in HIV disease. JAMA 1998;279:384-6.
38. CDC. Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: principles of therapy and revised recommendations. MMWR 1998;47;(RR-20).
39. Benson CA, Cohn DL, Williams P, and the ACTG 196/CPCRA 009 Study Team. A phase III prospective, randomized, double-blind study of the safety and efficacy of clarithromycin (CLA) vs. rifabutin (RBT) vs. CLA + RBT for prevention of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease in HIV+ patients with CD4 counts less than or equal to 100 cells/µL [Abstract]. In: Program and abstracts: 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Alexandria, Virginia: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, 1996. Abstract no. 205.
40. Pierce M, Crampton S, Henry D, et al. A randomized trial of clarithromycin as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996;335:384-91.
41. Havlir DV, Dube MP, Sattler FR, et al. Prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex with weekly azithromycin, daily rifabutin, or both. N Engl J Med 1996;335:392-8.
42. Masur H, and the Public Health Service Task Force on Prophylaxis and Therapy for Mycobacterium avium complex. Recommendations on prophylaxis and therapy for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:898-904.
43. Palella F, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Reducing morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998;338:853-60.
44. Gordin F, Sullam P, Shafran S, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of rifabutin added to a regimen of clarithromycin and ethambutol in the treatment of M. avium complex (MAC) bacteremia [Abstract]. 12th World AIDS Conference. Geneva: Congrex, 1998. Abstract no. 22176.
45. Benson C, Willaims P, Currier J, et al. ACTG223: An open, prospective, randomized study comparing efficacy and safety of clarithromycin (C) plus ethambutol (E), rifabutin (R), or both for treatment (Rx) of MAC disease in patients with AIDS [Abstract]. In: Program and abstracts: 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Alexandria, Virginia: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, 1999. Abstract no. 249.
46. Chaisson RE, Benson CA, Dube MP, et al. Clarithromycin therapy for bacteremic Mycobacterium avium complex disease: a randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:905-11.
47. Cohn DL, Fisher E, Peng GT, et al. A prospective randomized trial of four three-drug regimens in the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease in AIDS patients: excess mortality associated with high dose clarithromycin. Clin Infect Dis (in press).
48. Chaisson RE, Keiser P, Pierce M, et al. Clarithromycin and ethambutol with or without clofazimine for the treatment of bacteremic Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 1997;11:311-7.
49. Adair CD, Gunter M, Stovall TG, McElroy G, Veille JC, Ernest JM. Chlamydia in pregnancy: a randomized trial of azithromycin and erythromycin. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:165-8.
50. Medical Economics Company, Inc. Physicians' desk reference. 53rd edition. Montvale, New Jersey: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1999:405-12.
51. Gebo KA, Moore RD, Keruly JC, Chaisson RE. Risk factors for pneumococcal disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Infect Dis 1996;173:857-62.
52. Ward JW, Hanson DL, Jones J, Kaplan J. Pneumococcal vaccination and the incidence of pneumonia among HIV-infected persons [Abstract]. In: Program and abstracts: 34th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Alexandria, Virginia: Infectious Diseases Society of America, 1996, Abstract no. 245.
53. CDC. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-8).
54. CDC. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): use of vaccines and immune globulins for persons with altered immunocompetence. MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-4).
55. American Academy of Pediatrics. 1997 red book: report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 24th edition. Elk Grove Village, Illinois: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1997:294, 547.
56. Powderly WG, Finkelstein DM, Feinberg J, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with clotrimazole troches for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1995;332:700-5.
57. Schuman P, Capps L, Peng G, et al. Weekly fluconazole for the prevention of mucosal candidiasis in women with HIV infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:689-96.
58. Havlir DV, Dube MP, McCutchan JA, et al. Prophylaxis with weekly versus daily fluconazole for fungal infections in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:1369-75.
59. Aleck KA, Bartley DL. Multiple malformation syndrome following fluconazole use in pregnancy: report of an additional patient. Am J Med Genet 1997;72:253-6.
60. Pursley TJ, Blomquist IK, Abraham J, Andersen HF, Bartley JA. Fluconazole-induced congenital anomalies in three infants. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:336-40.
61. Janssen Pharmaceutical Company. Product information: Sporanox (itraconazol) oral solution. In: Medical Economics Company, Inc. Physicians' desk reference. 53rd edition. Montvale, New Jersey: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1999;1441.
62. McKinsey DS, Wheat LJ, Cloud GA, et al. Itraconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: randomized, placebo-controlled. double-blind study. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:1049-56.
63. Wheat J, Hafner R, Wulfsohn M, et al., and the NIASID Clinical Trails & Mycoses Study Group Collaborators. Prevention of relapse of histoplasmosis with itraconazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:610-6.
64. Galgiani JN, Cloud GA, Catanzaro A, et al. Fluconazole (FLU) vs. itraconazole (ITRA) for coccidioidomycosis: randomized, multicenter, double-blinded trial in nonmeningeal progressive infections [Abstract]. In: Abstracts from 36th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Alexandria, Virginia: Infectious Diseases Society of America, 1998. Abstract no. 100.
65. Spector SA, McKinley GF, Lalezari JFP, et al. Oral ganciclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in persons with AIDS. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1491-7.
66. Brosgart CL, Louis TA, Hillman DW, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of oral ganciclovir for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS 1998;12:269-77.
67. Feinberg J, Cooper D, Hurwitz S. Phase III international study of valacyclovir (VACV) for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in patients with advanced HIV disease [Abstract]. In: Abstracts of the XIth International Conference on AIDS 1996;11:225. Abstract no. Th.B.300.
68. Martin DF, Kupperman BD, Wolitz RA, Palistine AG, Li H, Robinson CA. Oral ganciclovir for patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with a ganciclovir implant. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1063-70.
69. Drew WL, Ives D, Lalezari JP, et al. Oral ganciclovir as maintenance treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. N Engl J Med 1995;333:615-20.
70. Lewis RA, Carr LM, Doyle K, et al. Parenteral cidofovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS: the HPMPC Peripheral Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Trial. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:264.
71. Palestine AG, Polis MA, DeSmet MD, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of foscarnet in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:665-73.
72. Lewis RA, Clegston P, Fainstein V, et al. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) culture results, drug resistance, and clinical outcomes in patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis treated with foscarnet or ganciclovir. J Infect Dis 1997;176:50-8.
73. MacDonald JC, Torriani FJ, Morse LS, Karavellas MP, Reed JB, Freeman WR. Lack of reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis after stopping CMV maintenance therapy in AIDS patients with sustained elevations in CD4 T cells in response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 1998;177:1182-7.
74. Tural C, Romeu J, Sicrera G, et al. Long-lasting remission of cytomegalovirus retinitis without maintenance therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Infect Dis 1998;177:1080-3.
75. Vrabec TR, Baldassano VF, Whitcup SM. Discontinuation of maintenance therapy in patients with quiescent cytomegalovirus retinitis and elevated CD4+ counts. Ophthalmology 1998; 105:1259-64.
76. Schacker T, Zeh J, Hu HL, Hill E, Corey L. Frequency of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus type 2 reactivations among human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1616-22.
77. Schacker T, Hu HL, Koelle DM, et al. Famciclovir for the suppression of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus reactivation in HIV-infected persons: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:21-8.
78. CDC. Pregnancy outcomes following systemic prenatal acyclovir exposure: June 1, 1984-June 30, 1993. MMWR 1993;42:806-9.
79. Kurman RJ, Henson DE, Herbst AL, Noller KL, Schiffman MH. Interim guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cytology. JAMA 1994;271:1866-9.
80. Goldie SJ, Kuntz KM, Weinstein MC, Freedberg KA, Welton ML, Palefsky JM. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in homosexual and bisexual HIV-positive men. JAMA 1999;281:1822-9.
81. Maiman M, Watts DH, Andersen J, et al. A phase three randomized trial of topical vaginal 5-fluorouracil maintenance therapy versus observation after standard treatment for high grade cervical dysplasia in HIV-infected women: ACTG 200. Obstet Gynecol 1999 (in press).
82. CDC. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR 1998;47 (No. RR-19).
83. Villano SA, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, Lyles CM, Cohn S, Thomas DL. Incidence and risk factors for hepatitus C among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:3274-7.
84. U.S. Public Health Service. HIV prevention bulletin: medical advice for persons who inject illicit drugs. May 9, 1997. Rockville, Maryland: CDC, 1997.
85. CDC. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1996;45(No. RR-15).
86. Darby SC, Ewart DW, Giangrande PLF, et al. Mortality from liver cancer and liver disease in haemophilic men and boys in UK given blood products contaminated with hepatitis C. Lancet 1997;350:1425-31.
87. Rodriguez-Rosado R, Garcia-Samaniego J, Soriano V. Hepatotoxicity after introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy [Letter]. AIDS 1998;12:1256.
88. Chemello L, Cavalletto L, Casarin C, et al. Persistent hepatitis C viremia predicts late relapse after sustained response to interferon in chronic hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:1058-60.
89. Mast EE, Alter MJ. Hepatitis C. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1997;8:17-22.

Disclaimer   All MMWR HTML versions of articles are electronic conversions from ASCII text into HTML. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users should not rely on this HTML document, but are referred to the electronic PDF version and/or the original MMWR paper copy for the official text, figures, and tables. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. Contact GPO for current prices.